Incorporating Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD) into Quantum Superunification Theory. Part 1. Quarks, 4D-tetraquarks, gluons, Yang-Mills fields

 

Leonov Vladimir

March 2026

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5270-0824

https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Leonov-Vladimir/research

For citation:

Leonov Vladimir. Incorporating Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD) into Quantum Superunification Theory. Part 1. Quarks, 4D-tetraquarks, gluons, Yang-Mills fields. – Preprint: ResearchGate, March 2026, Download PDF: DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.22579.49440

Abstract

Quantum chromodynamics (QCD) has problems of the Yang-Mills field, mass gap and confinement, the solution of which became possible in Quantum Superunification Theory, which unites the strong interactions with electromagnetism and quantum gravity after the discovery of the 4D-tetraquark in 1996. The 4D-tetraquark contains four integer quarks (antiquarks): two electric (±1e) and two magnetic (±1g) which have no mass. The 4D-tetraquark is the x-quark of the zero element of Mendeleev's (1905) Periodic Table of Chemical Elements. The y-quark of the zero element in the form of an electron neutrino transforms into a gluon inside the quark shell of the nucleon. Strong interactions act inside and outside the gluon lattice of the nucleon shell, which is described by the Yang-Mills field. The solution of the Yang-Mills field for the electric field strength E of the gluon shell of nucleons made it possible for the first time to make an analytical derivation of the nuclear force acting between nucleons in the atomic nucleus. The nuclear force includes two short-range forces: 1) the force of electrical attraction of the gluon shells of nucleons and 2) the force of antigravitational repulsion of nucleons, which was detected on the surface of the gluon shell of the nucleon. This fact reveals the nature of the fundamental principle of asymptotic freedom when the attractive force balances the repulsive force between nucleons in an atomic nucleus, excluding its collapse. The nuclear force has a maximum value of 53.2 kN. On the other hand, the Yang-Mills field solution for the gluon shell of the nucleon provides the action of electric forces of spherical compression of the quantized vacuum inside the nucleon, as a result of which the nucleon acquires mass. Thus, gluons form the mass of the nucleon as a result of spherical deformation of the quantized vacuum, solving the problem of confinement and the mass gap. However, the gluons themselves have no mass. This work was mainly published by me in the book “The Electrical Nature of Nuclear Forces” back in 2001.

82 pages, 64 figures.

Key word: Quantum chromodynamics, Yang-Mills field, mass gap, confinement, Quantum Superunification Theory, strong interactions, 4D-tetraquark, zero element, Periodic Table of Chemical Elements, electron neutrino, gluon, nucleon, gluon lattice, gluon shell, nuclear force, 53.2 kN, asymptotic freedom, quantized vacuum, spherical compression.

Content

1. Introduction

2. Comparison of the Standard Model (SM) and Quantum Superunification Theory (QST)

3. The quark structure of the 4D-tetraquark is the basis of the quantized vacuum

4. Calculated parameters of the 4D-tetraquark and quantized vacuum

4.1 The diameter of a 4D-tetraquark is a fundamental length for a discrete quantized vacuum

4.2. Quantum density of quantized vacuum

4.3. The gravitational potential is C02 for a quantized vacuum

4.4. Coulomb's Law has found a fifth Superforce inside the 4D-tetraquark

4.5. Unit of measurement for charge of magnetic quark is Leon [Ln]

4.6. The density of electromagnetic energy inside a quantized vacuum is the highest in nature

4.7. The deformation vector D of a quantized vacuum is the parameter of the induced

gravitational field strength

4.8. The 4D-tetraquark is a quark time particle

5. Basis of induced quantum gravity is a spherical deformation of the quantized vacuum

6. The force F for all interactions is the gradient of the energy W of the quantized vacuum

7. Gluon lattice for the nucleon shell

8. The picture of Yang-Mills fields is presented for the gluon lattice of the nucleon

8.1. Calculating the electric field of a lattice of sing-alternating fields is an approximate

solution for the Yang-Mills field

8.2. The picture of the electric field of a lattice of sing-alternating axes is represented by the

equations of equipotential and field lines

8.3. Analysis of the short-range field of a lattice of sign-alternating fields is an approximate

analogue of strong interactions

8.4. Calibration of the field of sign-alternating axes with the field of sign-alternating point

charges

9. Nuclear forces are contact forces that include antigravitational repulsion and electrostatic

attraction of nucleon shells

10. Contact electrical attraction of gluon lattice shells of nucleons is the basis of strong

interactions

11. The fusion of two nucleons is accompanied by the emission of photons

12. Generalized nuclear force during the fusion of two nucleons

13. The contact zone of antigravitational repulsion of two nucleons confirms the physical nature

of asymptotic freedom

14. An electrostatic barrier prevents the fusion of two protons

15. Yang-Mills fields play an important role in the creation of magic nuclei

16. Discovery of the zero element of the periodic table of chemical elements

16.1. 4D-tetraquark is the x-quark of element zero

16.2. Parameters of the x-quark field outside and inside the nucleon

16.3. The gluon and electron neutrino are the y-quark of the zero element

16.4. The quark structure of the zero element is the basis of strong interactions

17. Solution of the Yang-Mills field, mass gap, and confinement problem

18. Quantum Superunification Theory is confirmed by experiments on the Leonov interferometer

19. The current state of Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD)

20. Conclusion